The concept of 'environmental determinism,' which posits that human behavior and societal development are largely shaped by climatic and geographical conditions, has been a subject of debate among geographers. Early proponents, such as Ellsworth Huntington, argued that temperate climates fostered industriousness and innovation, while tropical regions were seen as less conducive to advanced civilization. However, this perspective was later criticized for its oversimplification and potential to justify colonialism. Modern scholars emphasize that while environment can influence certain aspects of life, human agency, technology, and cultural exchange play equally, if not more, significant roles in shaping societies. The shift from determinism to possibilism reflects a broader understanding of the complex interplay between nature and culture, acknowledging that environments offer possibilities rather than fixed outcomes.
❓ 본문에 따르면, 환경 결정론에 대한 주요 비판은 무엇인가?
A. 그것은 사회 발전에 있어 기술의 역할을 지나치게 강조한다.
B. それは気候が人間の行動に与える影響を無視している。
C. 이는 환경과 사회 간의 관계를 단순화하며 식민주의적 태도를 지지할 수 있다.
D. 지역 간 문화 교류에 너무 초점을 맞추고 있다.
✅ 正确答案
It simplifies the relationship between environment and society and may support colonial attitudes.
IELTS Reading Tips
Skim the questions first, underline keywords, then locate in the passage
Watch for paraphrasing; correct answers are often reworded
Be wary of absolute statements (all, always, never) — usually wrong
Pay attention to content after transition words (however, but, yet)
Manage time: about 20 minutes per passage; skip difficult questions first