The concept of 'environmental determinism,' which posits that human behavior and societal development are largely shaped by climatic and geographical conditions, has been a subject of debate among geographers. Early proponents, such as Ellsworth Huntington, argued that temperate climates fostered industriousness and innovation, while tropical regions were seen as less conducive to advanced civilization. However, this perspective was later criticized for its oversimplification and potential to justify colonialism. Modern scholars emphasize that while environment can influence certain aspects of life, human agency, technology, and cultural exchange play equally, if not more, significant roles in shaping societies. The shift from determinism to possibilism reflects a broader understanding of the complex interplay between nature and culture, acknowledging that environments offer possibilities rather than fixed outcomes.
❓ Theo đoạn văn, một chỉ trích lớn đối với thuyết quyết định môi trường là gì?
A. Nó quá nhấn mạnh vai trò của công nghệ trong sự phát triển xã hội.
B. Nó bỏ qua ảnh hưởng của khí hậu đến hành vi con người.
C. Nó đơn giản hóa mối quan hệ giữa môi trường và xã hội và có thể củng cố thái độ thực dân.
D. Nó tập trung quá nhiều vào việc trao đổi văn hóa giữa các khu vực khác nhau.
✅ 正确答案
It simplifies the relationship between environment and society and may support colonial attitudes.
IELTS Reading Tips
Skim the questions first, underline keywords, then locate in the passage
Watch for paraphrasing; correct answers are often reworded
Be wary of absolute statements (all, always, never) — usually wrong
Pay attention to content after transition words (however, but, yet)
Manage time: about 20 minutes per passage; skip difficult questions first