The concept of 'environmental determinism' has long been debated in geography. Proponents argue that the physical environment, particularly climate and terrain, directly shapes human societies, influencing everything from agricultural practices to cultural values. However, critics contend that this perspective oversimplifies the complex interplay between humans and their surroundings, ignoring technological innovation and social agency. Recent research suggests a more nuanced view: while environmental factors can constrain or facilitate certain developments, they do not predetermine outcomes. For instance, societies in similar climatic zones have evolved vastly different political systems, indicating that human choices and historical contingencies play a crucial role. Thus, the relationship between environment and society is better understood as a dynamic, reciprocal process rather than a one-way causal chain.
❓ According to the passage, what is the main criticism of environmental determinism?
A. It overemphasizes the role of technology in societal development.
B. It fails to account for the influence of climate on agriculture.
C. It ignores the complexity of human-environment interactions and human agency.
D. It assumes that all societies in similar climates develop identically.
✅ 正确答案
It ignores the complexity of human-environment interactions and human agency.
IELTS Reading Tips
Skim the questions first, underline keywords, then locate in the passage
Watch for paraphrasing; correct answers are often reworded
Be wary of absolute statements (all, always, never) — usually wrong
Pay attention to content after transition words (however, but, yet)
Manage time: about 20 minutes per passage; skip difficult questions first