The concept of 'environmental determinism' has long been debated in geography. Proponents argue that the physical environment, particularly climate and terrain, directly shapes human societies, influencing everything from agricultural practices to cultural values. However, critics contend that this perspective oversimplifies the complex interplay between humans and their surroundings, ignoring technological innovation and social agency. Recent research suggests a more nuanced view: while environmental factors can constrain or facilitate certain developments, they do not predetermine outcomes. For instance, societies in similar climatic zones have evolved vastly different political systems, indicating that human choices and historical contingencies play a crucial role. Thus, the relationship between environment and society is better understood as a dynamic, reciprocal process rather than a one-way causal chain.
❓ 文章によると、環境決定論に対する主な批判は何ですか？
A. それは社会発展における技術の役割を過度に強調している。
B. それは、気候が農業に与える影響を考慮に入れていない。
C. それは、人間と環境の相互作用の複雑さや人間の主体性を無視している。
D. これは、類似した気候のすべての社会が同一に発展すると仮定している。
✅ 正确答案
It ignores the complexity of human-environment interactions and human agency.
IELTS Reading Tips
Skim the questions first, underline keywords, then locate in the passage
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