The concept of 'environmental determinism' has long been debated in geography. Early proponents argued that climate and topography directly shape human behavior and societal development. However, modern scholars criticize this view for oversimplifying the complex interplay between nature and culture. Instead, they propose 'possibilism', which suggests that the environment offers a range of possibilities, and human agency ultimately determines which paths are taken. This shift reflects a broader recognition that human societies are not passive recipients of environmental forces, but active agents in shaping their own destinies, even within natural constraints.
❓ 본문에 따르면, 환경 결정론에 대한 주요 비판은 무엇인가?
A. 기후가 인간 발달에 미치는 역할을 무시한다.
B. 그것은 인간 문화가 자연에 미치는 영향을 과도하게 강조한다.
C. 그것은 환경과 사회 사이의 복잡한 관계를 설명하지 못한다.
D. 그것은 자연이 인간 활동에 어떤 제약을 제공한다는 생각을 거부한다.
✅ 正确答案
It fails to account for the complex relationship between environment and society.
IELTS Reading Tips
Skim the questions first, underline keywords, then locate in the passage
Watch for paraphrasing; correct answers are often reworded
Be wary of absolute statements (all, always, never) — usually wrong
Pay attention to content after transition words (however, but, yet)
Manage time: about 20 minutes per passage; skip difficult questions first