The concept of 'environmental determinism' has long been debated in geography. Early proponents argued that climate and topography directly shape human behavior and societal development. However, modern scholars criticize this view for oversimplifying the complex interplay between nature and culture. Instead, they propose 'possibilism', which suggests that the environment offers a range of possibilities, and human agency ultimately determines which paths are taken. This shift reflects a broader recognition that human societies are not passive recipients of environmental forces, but active agents in shaping their own destinies, even within natural constraints.
❓ 文章によると、環境決定論に対する主な批判は何か。
A. それは、人間の発展における気候の役割を無視している。
B. それは、人間の文化が自然に与える影響を過度に強調している。
C. それは環境と社会の複雑な関係を説明できていない。
D. それは、自然が人間の活動に何らかの制約を課すという考えを拒絶する。
✅ 正确答案
It fails to account for the complex relationship between environment and society.
IELTS Reading Tips
Skim the questions first, underline keywords, then locate in the passage
Watch for paraphrasing; correct answers are often reworded
Be wary of absolute statements (all, always, never) — usually wrong
Pay attention to content after transition words (however, but, yet)
Manage time: about 20 minutes per passage; skip difficult questions first