❓ Question According to the passage, what is a key difference between 'engineering resilience' and 'ecological resilience'?
A. Engineering resilience focuses on preventing disturbance, while ecological resilience focuses on causing it.
B. Engineering resilience measures recovery speed after a shock, while ecological resilience measures the disturbance threshold before an ecosystem shifts state.
C. Engineering resilience applies only to human-made systems, while ecological resilience applies only to natural ecosystems.
D. Engineering resilience is a static property, while ecological resilience is a dynamic and reversible property.
✅ Correct Answer
Engineering resilience measures recovery speed after a shock, while ecological resilience measures the disturbance threshold before an ecosystem shifts state.
TOEFL Reading Tips
Skim the questions first, underline keywords, then locate in the passage
Watch for paraphrasing; correct answers are often reworded
Infer vocabulary meaning from context, not just memory
Base inferences on the passage; avoid over-extrapolation