❓ Question According to the passage, what is a primary difference between 'engineering resilience' and 'ecological resilience'?
A. Engineering resilience emphasizes multiple stable states, while ecological resilience assumes a single equilibrium.
B. Engineering resilience focuses on recovery speed to a single equilibrium, while ecological resilience considers the capacity to maintain function across multiple states.
C. Engineering resilience is applicable only to terrestrial ecosystems, while ecological resilience applies to aquatic ones.
D. Engineering resilience ignores disturbances, while ecological resilience only considers catastrophic events.
✅ Correct Answer
Engineering resilience focuses on recovery speed to a single equilibrium, while ecological resilience considers the capacity to maintain function across multiple states.
TOEFL Reading Tips
Skim the questions first, underline keywords, then locate in the passage
Watch for paraphrasing; correct answers are often reworded
Infer vocabulary meaning from context, not just memory
Base inferences on the passage; avoid over-extrapolation