The concept of 'cognitive load' refers to the total amount of mental effort being used in the working memory. In educational psychology, cognitive load theory suggests that learning is most effective when instructional materials are designed to reduce extraneous cognitive load, thereby freeing resources for the intrinsic processing of complex information. Recent studies have shown that multimedia presentations, while potentially engaging, can inadvertently increase extraneous load if visual and auditory streams present redundant or conflicting information. Conversely, well-structured diagrams paired with concise verbal explanations can optimize germane load, which directly contributes to schema construction. However, researchers caution that the optimal balance of load types is not universal; it varies with the learner's prior knowledge and the complexity of the subject matter. Thus, instructional designers must adapt their strategies to individual differences, rather than relying on a one-size-fits-all approach.
❓ Согласно тексту, какой фактор является ключевым для эффективного обучения с использованием мультимедийных материалов?
A. A. Снижение всех типов когнитивной нагрузки до минимально возможного уровня.
B. B. Обеспечение того, чтобы визуальная и слуховая информация не были избыточными или противоречивыми.
C. C. Использование сложных диаграмм для создания нагрузки на рабочую память обучающегося.
D. D. Применение одного и того же учебного проектирования для всех учащихся независимо от их происхождения.
✅ 正确答案
B. Ensuring that visual and auditory information are not redundant or conflicting.
IELTS Reading Tips
Skim the questions first, underline keywords, then locate in the passage
Watch for paraphrasing; correct answers are often reworded
Be wary of absolute statements (all, always, never) — usually wrong
Pay attention to content after transition words (however, but, yet)
Manage time: about 20 minutes per passage; skip difficult questions first