The concept of 'cognitive load' refers to the total amount of mental effort being used in the working memory. In educational psychology, cognitive load theory suggests that learning is most effective when instructional materials are designed to reduce extraneous cognitive load, thereby freeing resources for the intrinsic processing of complex information. Recent studies have shown that multimedia presentations, while potentially engaging, can inadvertently increase extraneous load if visual and auditory streams present redundant or conflicting information. Conversely, well-structured diagrams paired with concise verbal explanations can optimize germane load, which directly contributes to schema construction. However, researchers caution that the optimal balance of load types is not universal; it varies with the learner's prior knowledge and the complexity of the subject matter. Thus, instructional designers must adapt their strategies to individual differences, rather than relying on a one-size-fits-all approach.
❓ According to the passage, what is a key factor in effective learning with multimedia materials?
A. A. Reducing all types of cognitive load to the minimum possible level.
B. B. Ensuring that visual and auditory information are not redundant or conflicting.
C. C. Using complex diagrams to challenge the learner's working memory.
D. D. Applying the same instructional design for all learners regardless of their background.
✅ 正确答案
B. Ensuring that visual and auditory information are not redundant or conflicting.
IELTS Reading Tips
Skim the questions first, underline keywords, then locate in the passage
Watch for paraphrasing; correct answers are often reworded
Be wary of absolute statements (all, always, never) — usually wrong
Pay attention to content after transition words (however, but, yet)
Manage time: about 20 minutes per passage; skip difficult questions first