The concept of 'environmental determinism' has long been debated in geography. This theory posits that human behavior and societal development are largely shaped by climatic and geographical conditions. Early proponents, such as Ellsworth Huntington, argued that temperate climates fostered industriousness and innovation, while tropical regions were associated with indolence. However, this view was heavily criticized for its ethnocentric bias and oversimplification. Modern scholars advocate for 'possibilism', which acknowledges that environment sets constraints, but human agency and culture play decisive roles in shaping outcomes. For instance, the Netherlands, despite its cold and damp climate, has thrived through technological adaptation, whereas some resource-rich nations have struggled due to political instability. Thus, while geography influences civilization, it does not determine its destiny.
❓ Какой основной аргумент представлен в отрывке?
A. A. Экологический детерминизм точно объясняет развитие общества.
B. B. Географические условия являются единственным фактором прогресса человечества.
C. C. Человеческий выбор и культура важнее, чем экологические ограничения.
D. D. Климат не оказывает влияния на человеческие общества.
✅ 正确答案
C. Human choices and culture are more important than environmental constraints.
IELTS Reading Tips
Skim the questions first, underline keywords, then locate in the passage
Watch for paraphrasing; correct answers are often reworded
Be wary of absolute statements (all, always, never) — usually wrong
Pay attention to content after transition words (however, but, yet)
Manage time: about 20 minutes per passage; skip difficult questions first