The concept of 'sustainable urbanism' has evolved significantly over the past decade, moving beyond mere environmental concerns to encompass social equity and economic viability. Critics argue that many so-called 'green cities' prioritize technological fixes, such as energy-efficient buildings, while neglecting the systemic issues of affordable housing and public transport accessibility. However, recent studies suggest that integrated planning approaches, which involve local communities in decision-making processes, yield more resilient outcomes. For instance, participatory budgeting in Porto Alegre, Brazil, has not only reduced corruption but also improved infrastructure in marginalized neighborhoods. Yet, such models face scalability challenges in megacities, where governance is fragmented and stakeholder interests are diverse. Thus, sustainable urbanism requires a delicate balance between top-down regulation and bottom-up innovation, a tension that remains unresolved in current policy frameworks.
❓ Theo đoạn văn, hạn chế lớn của cách tiếp cận 'thành phố xanh' là gì?
A. Nó tập trung quá nhiều vào tăng trưởng kinh tế mà bỏ qua môi trường.
B. Nó nhấn mạnh các giải pháp công nghệ trong khi bỏ qua các vấn đề xã hội như nhà ở và giao thông.
C. Nó không thu hút cộng đồng địa phương tham gia vào bất kỳ quá trình ra quyết định nào.
D. Nó chỉ áp dụng ở các thành phố nhỏ với dân số đồng nhất.
✅ 正确答案
It emphasizes technological solutions while overlooking social issues like housing and transport.
IELTS Reading Tips
Skim the questions first, underline keywords, then locate in the passage
Watch for paraphrasing; correct answers are often reworded
Be wary of absolute statements (all, always, never) — usually wrong
Pay attention to content after transition words (however, but, yet)
Manage time: about 20 minutes per passage; skip difficult questions first