The concept of 'sustainable urbanism' has evolved significantly over the past decade, moving beyond mere environmental concerns to encompass social equity and economic viability. Critics argue that many so-called 'green cities' prioritize technological fixes, such as energy-efficient buildings, while neglecting the systemic issues of affordable housing and public transport accessibility. However, recent studies suggest that integrated planning approaches, which involve local communities in decision-making processes, yield more resilient outcomes. For instance, participatory budgeting in Porto Alegre, Brazil, has not only reduced corruption but also improved infrastructure in marginalized neighborhoods. Yet, such models face scalability challenges in megacities, where governance is fragmented and stakeholder interests are diverse. Thus, sustainable urbanism requires a delicate balance between top-down regulation and bottom-up innovation, a tension that remains unresolved in current policy frameworks.
❓ Согласно тексту, в чем заключается основное ограничение подхода «зеленых городов»?
A. Он слишком много внимания уделяет экономическому росту в ущерб окружающей среде.
B. Он подчеркивает технологические решения, игнорируя социальные проблемы, такие как жилье и транспорт.
C. Оно не вовлекает местные сообщества в процессы принятия решений.
D. Это применимо только в небольших городах с однородным населением.
✅ 正确答案
It emphasizes technological solutions while overlooking social issues like housing and transport.
IELTS Reading Tips
Skim the questions first, underline keywords, then locate in the passage
Watch for paraphrasing; correct answers are often reworded
Be wary of absolute statements (all, always, never) — usually wrong
Pay attention to content after transition words (however, but, yet)
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