The concept of 'environmental determinism' posits that human behavior and societal development are largely shaped by climatic and geographical conditions. This theory, popular in the 19th and early 20th centuries, argued that temperate climates fostered industriousness and innovation, while tropical regions were associated with lethargy and stagnation. However, modern geographers largely reject this deterministic view, pointing to counterexamples such as the advanced civilizations of the Maya and Inca in tropical zones. Instead, they advocate for 'possibilism', which suggests that the environment offers a range of opportunities, but human agency and cultural choices ultimately determine outcomes. This shift reflects a broader recognition of human adaptability and the complex interplay between nature and culture.
❓ According to the passage, what is the main reason modern geographers reject environmental determinism?
A. A. It ignores the role of climate in shaping societies.
B. B. It fails to explain why tropical regions developed advanced civilizations.
C. C. It overemphasizes human agency over environmental factors.
D. D. It is supported only by evidence from temperate regions.
✅ 正确答案
B. It fails to explain why tropical regions developed advanced civilizations.
IELTS Reading Tips
Skim the questions first, underline keywords, then locate in the passage
Watch for paraphrasing; correct answers are often reworded
Be wary of absolute statements (all, always, never) — usually wrong
Pay attention to content after transition words (however, but, yet)
Manage time: about 20 minutes per passage; skip difficult questions first