The concept of 'environmental determinism' has long been debated in geography. Early proponents argued that climate and terrain directly shape human behavior and societal development. However, contemporary scholars reject this simplistic causality, noting that technological innovation and cultural adaptation often mitigate environmental constraints. For instance, arid regions like the Middle East have thrived through advanced irrigation techniques, while temperate zones have faced famines due to political mismanagement. Thus, while environment influences options, it does not dictate outcomes. This nuanced view emphasizes the interplay between natural forces and human agency, suggesting that resilience and ingenuity are as critical as geography in determining societal trajectories.
❓ 현대 학자들이 환경 결정론에 대해 제시하는 주요 논지는 무엇인가?
A. A) 환경이 사회적 성공의 유일한 결정 요인이다.
B. B) 인간의 혁신과 문화는 환경적 한계를 극복할 수 있다.
C. C) 기후 변화로 인해 환경 결정론이 더 이상 유효하지 않게 되었다.
D. D) 정치적 요인은 지리적 요인보다 덜 중요하다.
✅ 正确答案
B) Human innovation and culture can override environmental limitations.
IELTS Reading Tips
Skim the questions first, underline keywords, then locate in the passage
Watch for paraphrasing; correct answers are often reworded
Be wary of absolute statements (all, always, never) — usually wrong
Pay attention to content after transition words (however, but, yet)
Manage time: about 20 minutes per passage; skip difficult questions first