The concept of 'environmental determinism' posits that human behavior and societal development are largely shaped by climatic and geographical conditions. First popularized in the 19th century, this theory argued that temperate climates fostered industriousness and innovation, while tropical regions, with their abundant resources and harsh heat, led to lethargy and stagnation. However, modern scholarship has largely rejected this deterministic view, pointing to counterexamples such as the advanced civilizations that flourished in the Andes and Mesopotamia. Instead, contemporary researchers emphasize 'possibilism', which holds that the environment offers a set of constraints and opportunities, but human agency, culture, and technology ultimately determine the outcome. This shift reflects a broader move away from simplistic causal explanations toward more nuanced, multi-factorial analyses in geography and anthropology.
❓ 本文によると、現代の学者が環境決定論を否定する主な理由は何か。
A. A) それは、社会を形成する上でのテクノロジーの役割を無視している。
B. B) それは、困難な環境における先進社会を説明できない。
C. C) それは気候が人間の行動に与える影響を過度に強調している。
D. D) それは19世紀にのみ人気があり、現在は時代遅れです。
✅ 正确答案
B) It fails to account for advanced societies in challenging environments.
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