The concept of 'environmental determinism' has long been debated in geography. Early proponents argued that human behavior and societal development were largely shaped by climatic conditions and geographical features. However, this perspective was criticized for oversimplifying complex cultural interactions and for potentially justifying colonial expansion. Modern scholarship emphasizes a more nuanced view, recognizing that while environment can influence certain aspects of life, human agency and technological innovation play crucial roles in adapting to and modifying natural surroundings. This shift reflects a broader trend in social sciences toward understanding the dynamic relationship between nature and culture, rather than positing a unidirectional cause-and-effect relationship.
❓ Согласно тексту, в чём заключается основная критика раннего экологического детерминизма?
A. A) Он полностью игнорировал роль климата.
B. B) Это чрезмерно подчёркивало человеческую креативность.
C. C) Это упростило культурные взаимодействия и могло поддерживать колониализм.
D. D) Он сосредоточился только на технологических достижениях.
✅ 正确答案
C) It simplified cultural interactions and could support colonialism.
IELTS Reading Tips
Skim the questions first, underline keywords, then locate in the passage
Watch for paraphrasing; correct answers are often reworded
Be wary of absolute statements (all, always, never) — usually wrong
Pay attention to content after transition words (however, but, yet)
Manage time: about 20 minutes per passage; skip difficult questions first