The concept of 'environmental determinism' has long been debated in geographical studies. Early proponents argued that human societal development was largely shaped by climatic and topographical conditions, suggesting that temperate regions fostered more advanced civilizations. However, this perspective was criticized for its reductionist approach, ignoring the complex interplay of cultural, historical, and economic factors. Contemporary scholars advocate for 'possibilism', which posits that while the environment imposes certain constraints, human agency and technological innovation can overcome many natural limitations. This shift reflects a broader understanding that human-environment interactions are bidirectional and dynamic, with human activities also significantly altering natural systems, as seen in climate change and deforestation. Therefore, modern geographic thought emphasizes a nuanced analysis that considers both environmental influences and human choices in shaping societal outcomes.
❓ According to the passage, what is the main limitation of early environmental determinism?
A. It overemphasized the role of technology in human development.
B. It failed to account for the dynamic and complex factors influencing societies.
C. It ignored the impact of climate on human activities.
D. It focused too much on cultural rather than environmental factors.
✅ 正确答案
It failed to account for the dynamic and complex factors influencing societies.
IELTS Reading Tips
Skim the questions first, underline keywords, then locate in the passage
Watch for paraphrasing; correct answers are often reworded
Be wary of absolute statements (all, always, never) — usually wrong
Pay attention to content after transition words (however, but, yet)
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