The concept of 'environmental determinism' has long been debated in geography. Early proponents argued that climate and topography directly shape human behavior and societal development. However, this view was criticized for oversimplifying complex cultural interactions and for justifying colonialism. Modern geographers instead favor 'possibilism', which posits that the environment offers a range of possibilities, and human choices, guided by culture and technology, determine outcomes. This shift reflects a broader trend in social sciences towards acknowledging human agency. Recent studies, such as those on urban resilience, show that even in harsh climates, communities adapt innovatively, underscoring that environmental factors are constraints, not dictates.
❓ この文章で述べられている地理的思想の主な変化は何ですか？
A. 環境決定論から可能論への転換
B. 社会に対するあらゆる環境的影響の拒絶
C. 気候を開発の唯一の原動力として強調すること
D. 地理に基づく植民地支配の正当化への回帰
✅ 正确答案
A shift from environmental determinism to possibilism
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