雅思阅读

📖 Reading Passage

The concept of 'environmental determinism' has long been debated in geography. Early proponents argued that climate and topography directly shape human behavior and societal development. However, this view was criticized for oversimplifying complex cultural interactions and for justifying colonialism. Modern geographers instead favor 'possibilism', which posits that the environment offers a range of possibilities, and human choices, guided by culture and technology, determine outcomes. This shift reflects a broader trend in social sciences towards acknowledging human agency. Recent studies, such as those on urban resilience, show that even in harsh climates, communities adapt innovatively, underscoring that environmental factors are constraints, not dictates.