The concept of 'environmental determinism' has long been debated in geography. Early proponents argued that human activities and societal development were largely shaped by climatic conditions and geographical features. However, this perspective was criticized for oversimplifying complex cultural and economic interactions. Contemporary scholars advocate for a more nuanced approach, recognizing that while environment can influence certain practices, human innovation and technological advancement often mitigate these constraints. For instance, arid regions may limit agriculture, but irrigation systems and drought-resistant crops have enabled settlements to thrive. Thus, the relationship between environment and society is not unidirectional but rather characterized by reciprocal adaptation.
❓ Каков основной аргумент современных учёных, упомянутых в отрывке?
A. Факторы окружающей среды исключительно определяют общественный прогресс.
B. Человеческие инновации могут полностью преодолеть ограничения окружающей среды.
C. Окружающая среда и общество влияют друг на друга через адаптацию.
D. Технологический прогресс устраняет необходимость учитывать географию.
✅ 正确答案
The environment and society influence each other through adaptation.
IELTS Reading Tips
Skim the questions first, underline keywords, then locate in the passage
Watch for paraphrasing; correct answers are often reworded
Be wary of absolute statements (all, always, never) — usually wrong
Pay attention to content after transition words (however, but, yet)
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