The concept of 'environmental determinism' has long been a contentious issue in geography. Early proponents argued that human behavior and societal development were largely shaped by climatic conditions and physical geography. However, this perspective was criticized for oversimplifying complex human-environment interactions and for justifying colonial narratives. Contemporary scholarship, such as that of Jared Diamond, offers a more nuanced view, suggesting that environmental factors can influence the availability of resources and technological innovation, but do not solely dictate outcomes. Instead, modern research emphasizes the role of human agency, cultural adaptation, and historical contingencies in shaping societies, while still acknowledging that environmental constraints can pose significant challenges. This balanced approach recognizes that while the environment provides a backdrop, it is not an absolute determinant of human destiny.
❓ 지문에 따르면, 초기 환경 결정론에 대한 주요 비판은 무엇인가?
A. 그것은 기후가 인간 발전에 미치는 역할을 무시했다.
B. 그것은 너무 단순했고 식민주의 이데올로기를 지지하는 데 사용되었다.
C. 기술 혁신에 너무 집중했다.
D. 그것은 지리학이 사회에 미치는 어떠한 영향도 부인했다.
✅ 正确答案
It was too simplistic and was used to support colonial ideologies.
IELTS Reading Tips
Skim the questions first, underline keywords, then locate in the passage
Watch for paraphrasing; correct answers are often reworded
Be wary of absolute statements (all, always, never) — usually wrong
Pay attention to content after transition words (however, but, yet)
Manage time: about 20 minutes per passage; skip difficult questions first