The concept of 'environmental determinism' has long been a contentious issue in geography. Early proponents argued that human behavior and societal development were largely shaped by climatic conditions and physical geography. However, this perspective was criticized for oversimplifying complex human-environment interactions and for justifying colonial narratives. Contemporary scholarship, such as that of Jared Diamond, offers a more nuanced view, suggesting that environmental factors can influence the availability of resources and technological innovation, but do not solely dictate outcomes. Instead, modern research emphasizes the role of human agency, cultural adaptation, and historical contingencies in shaping societies, while still acknowledging that environmental constraints can pose significant challenges. This balanced approach recognizes that while the environment provides a backdrop, it is not an absolute determinant of human destiny.
❓ According to the passage, what is the main criticism of early environmental determinism?
A. It ignored the role of climate in human development.
B. It was too simplistic and was used to support colonial ideologies.
C. It focused too much on technological innovation.
D. It denied any influence of geography on societies.
✅ 正确答案
It was too simplistic and was used to support colonial ideologies.
IELTS Reading Tips
Skim the questions first, underline keywords, then locate in the passage
Watch for paraphrasing; correct answers are often reworded
Be wary of absolute statements (all, always, never) — usually wrong
Pay attention to content after transition words (however, but, yet)
Manage time: about 20 minutes per passage; skip difficult questions first