The concept of 'environmental carrying capacity' has long been central to ecological theory, yet its application to human societies remains contentious. While natural ecosystems exhibit relatively predictable limits, human systems are characterized by technological innovation and cultural adaptation, which can effectively raise the threshold of resource availability. However, critics argue that such optimism overlooks the irreversible degradation of critical natural capital, such as biodiversity and soil fertility. Recent studies suggest that relying solely on technological fixes may postpone, but not avert, systemic collapse, particularly when consumption patterns exceed regenerative capacities. Thus, sustainable development requires not merely efficiency gains, but a fundamental re-evaluation of societal values and consumption norms, integrating ecological principles into economic decision-making.
❓ According to the passage, what is the main challenge to applying the concept of carrying capacity to human societies?
A. A. Human societies lack the technological capacity to increase resource availability.
B. B. Technological innovation can indefinitely overcome ecological limits.
C. C. Human adaptability may obscure irreversible environmental damage.
D. D. Ecological principles are incompatible with economic growth.
✅ 正确答案
C. Human adaptability may obscure irreversible environmental damage.
IELTS Reading Tips
Skim the questions first, underline keywords, then locate in the passage
Watch for paraphrasing; correct answers are often reworded
Be wary of absolute statements (all, always, never) — usually wrong
Pay attention to content after transition words (however, but, yet)
Manage time: about 20 minutes per passage; skip difficult questions first