The concept of 'environmental determinism' has long been a subject of debate among geographers. This theory posits that the physical environment, particularly climate and terrain, directly shapes human culture, economic activities, and societal development. Early proponents, such as Ellsworth Huntington, argued that temperate climates fostered higher levels of civilization, while tropical regions were inherently less developed. However, this perspective lost credibility in the mid-20th century, as scholars criticized its simplistic causality and potential for racial bias. Modern geography instead embraces 'possibilism,' which acknowledges environmental constraints but emphasizes human agency and technological innovation in overcoming these limitations. For instance, arid regions like the Middle East have thrived through advanced irrigation techniques, demonstrating that environmental factors do not solely dictate outcomes. Thus, while the environment remains a significant variable, its influence is mediated by cultural and historical contexts.
❓ According to the passage, what is the main criticism of environmental determinism mentioned by scholars?
A. A. It overestimates the role of technology in development.
B. B. It ignores the impact of climate on human societies.
C. C. It assumes a too direct link between environment and society, which may be biased.
D. D. It focuses only on tropical regions without considering temperate zones.
✅ 正确答案
C. It assumes a too direct link between environment and society, which may be biased.
IELTS Reading Tips
Skim the questions first, underline keywords, then locate in the passage
Watch for paraphrasing; correct answers are often reworded
Be wary of absolute statements (all, always, never) — usually wrong
Pay attention to content after transition words (however, but, yet)
Manage time: about 20 minutes per passage; skip difficult questions first