The concept of 'environmental determinism' has long been debated in geography. Early theorists argued that human behavior and societal development were largely shaped by climatic and geographical conditions. However, this perspective has been criticized for oversimplifying complex human-environment interactions and for justifying colonial expansion. Modern scholarship emphasizes 'possibilism', which posits that while the environment sets certain constraints, human agency and technological innovation play a crucial role in overcoming these limitations. For instance, arid regions have been transformed through irrigation, and cold climates are made habitable through heating systems. Thus, the relationship between environment and society is not one-way but dialectical, involving continuous feedback and adaptation.
❓ Theo đoạn văn, sai sót chính của thuyết quyết định môi trường là gì?
A. Nó bỏ qua vai trò của khí hậu trong việc định hình các xã hội.
B. Nó phóng đại ảnh hưởng của môi trường đối với xã hội loài người.
C. Nó không nhận ra những tiến bộ công nghệ chỉ đơn thuần là môi trường.
D. Nó thúc đẩy một mối quan hệ một chiều quá đơn giản.
✅ 正确答案
It promotes a one-way relationship that is too simplistic.
IELTS Reading Tips
Skim the questions first, underline keywords, then locate in the passage
Watch for paraphrasing; correct answers are often reworded
Be wary of absolute statements (all, always, never) — usually wrong
Pay attention to content after transition words (however, but, yet)
Manage time: about 20 minutes per passage; skip difficult questions first