The concept of 'environmental determinism' has long been debated in geography. Early theorists argued that human behavior and societal development were largely shaped by climatic and geographical conditions. However, this perspective has been criticized for oversimplifying complex human-environment interactions and for justifying colonial expansion. Modern scholarship emphasizes 'possibilism', which posits that while the environment sets certain constraints, human agency and technological innovation play a crucial role in overcoming these limitations. For instance, arid regions have been transformed through irrigation, and cold climates are made habitable through heating systems. Thus, the relationship between environment and society is not one-way but dialectical, involving continuous feedback and adaptation.
❓ Según el pasaje, ¿cuál es el principal defecto del determinismo ambiental?
A. Ignora el papel del clima en la formación de las sociedades.
B. Exagera la influencia del entorno en la sociedad humana.
C. No logra reconocer los avances tecnológicos como puramente ambientales.
D. Promueve una relación unidireccional que es demasiado simplista.
✅ 正确答案
It promotes a one-way relationship that is too simplistic.
IELTS Reading Tips
Skim the questions first, underline keywords, then locate in the passage
Watch for paraphrasing; correct answers are often reworded
Be wary of absolute statements (all, always, never) — usually wrong
Pay attention to content after transition words (however, but, yet)
Manage time: about 20 minutes per passage; skip difficult questions first