The concept of 'social capital' has gained significant traction in sociological research, referring to the networks of relationships among people who live and work in a particular society, enabling that society to function effectively. Unlike physical capital (tools, machinery) or human capital (skills, education), social capital is embedded in the structure of social interactions. Researchers like Robert Putnam argue that a decline in social capital, measured by factors such as decreased voter turnout and membership in community organizations, correlates with a weakening of civic engagement and trust. However, critics contend that the concept is overly broad and difficult to quantify, often overlooking power dynamics and exclusionary practices within networks. Despite these debates, understanding social capital remains crucial for policymakers aiming to foster community resilience and economic development, as strong social bonds can facilitate cooperation and reduce transaction costs.