The concept of 'social capital' has gained significant traction in sociological research, referring to the networks of relationships among people who live and work in a particular society, enabling that society to function effectively. Unlike physical capital (tools, machinery) or human capital (skills, education), social capital is embedded in the structure of social interactions. Researchers like Robert Putnam argue that a decline in social capital, measured by factors such as decreased voter turnout and membership in community organizations, correlates with a weakening of civic engagement and trust. However, critics contend that the concept is overly broad and difficult to quantify, often overlooking power dynamics and exclusionary practices within networks. Despite these debates, understanding social capital remains crucial for policymakers aiming to foster community resilience and economic development, as strong social bonds can facilitate cooperation and reduce transaction costs.
❓ According to the passage, what is a primary criticism of the concept of social capital?
A. A. It focuses too much on economic factors and ignores cultural ones.
B. B. It is too vague and fails to account for issues like inequality and exclusion.
C. C. It has been proven irrelevant to community development.
D. D. It relies solely on measurable indicators such as voter turnout.
✅ 正确答案
B. It is too vague and fails to account for issues like inequality and exclusion.
IELTS Reading Tips
Skim the questions first, underline keywords, then locate in the passage
Watch for paraphrasing; correct answers are often reworded
Be wary of absolute statements (all, always, never) — usually wrong
Pay attention to content after transition words (however, but, yet)
Manage time: about 20 minutes per passage; skip difficult questions first