The concept of 'environmental justice' has evolved significantly since its inception in the 1980s, when it primarily addressed the disproportionate placement of hazardous waste facilities in low-income and minority communities. Over time, the term has broadened to encompass a wider range of issues, including access to clean water, air quality, and the unequal impacts of climate change. Scholars argue that environmental justice is not merely a matter of distribution, but also of procedural and recognition-based justice, meaning that affected communities must have a voice in decision-making processes and that their cultural and historical ties to the land must be respected. This expanded framework challenges traditional environmental policies that often prioritize economic efficiency over social equity, urging policymakers to adopt more inclusive approaches. However, critics note that translating these theoretical ideals into practice remains difficult, as institutional barriers and power imbalances persist, particularly in developing nations where environmental regulations are weaker and community participation is often limited.
❓ According to the passage, what is a key challenge in implementing environmental justice?
A. A. The lack of scientific data on environmental hazards
B. B. The resistance from low-income communities to participate
C. C. The persistence of institutional barriers and power imbalances
D. D. The overemphasis on economic efficiency in all policies
✅ 正确答案
C. The persistence of institutional barriers and power imbalances
IELTS Reading Tips
Skim the questions first, underline keywords, then locate in the passage
Watch for paraphrasing; correct answers are often reworded
Be wary of absolute statements (all, always, never) — usually wrong
Pay attention to content after transition words (however, but, yet)
Manage time: about 20 minutes per passage; skip difficult questions first