The concept of 'environmental determinism' once dominated geographical thought, positing that human behavior and societal development are largely shaped by climatic and topographical conditions. However, this theory has been widely criticized for its oversimplification and potential to justify colonialism. Modern geography emphasizes 'possibilism', which acknowledges environmental constraints while highlighting human agency and technological innovation. For instance, the Netherlands, despite its low-lying topography and flood risks, has thrived through advanced water management systems. This shift reflects a broader academic trend toward recognizing the complex interplay between nature and culture, where environment offers a range of possibilities rather than fixed outcomes. Consequently, contemporary research focuses on how societies adapt, modify, and perceive their environments, rather than assuming a unidirectional causal link.
❓ Какую основную мысль автор высказывает о переходе от экологического детерминизма к поссибилизму?
A. A. Это показывает, что технологии полностью преодолели экологические ограничения.
B. B. Это демонстрирует, что окружающая среда больше не влияет на человеческие общества.
C. C. Это подчеркивает адаптивность человека и нефиксированный характер воздействий окружающей среды.
D. D. Это доказывает, что колониальные идеологии были научно обоснованы.
✅ 正确答案
C. It emphasizes human adaptability and the non-fixed nature of environmental impacts.
IELTS Reading Tips
Skim the questions first, underline keywords, then locate in the passage
Watch for paraphrasing; correct answers are often reworded
Be wary of absolute statements (all, always, never) — usually wrong
Pay attention to content after transition words (however, but, yet)
Manage time: about 20 minutes per passage; skip difficult questions first