The concept of 'environmental determinism' once dominated geographical thought, positing that human behavior and societal development are largely shaped by climatic and topographical conditions. However, this theory has been widely criticized for its oversimplification and potential to justify colonialism. Modern geography emphasizes 'possibilism', which acknowledges environmental constraints while highlighting human agency and technological innovation. For instance, the Netherlands, despite its low-lying topography and flood risks, has thrived through advanced water management systems. This shift reflects a broader academic trend toward recognizing the complex interplay between nature and culture, where environment offers a range of possibilities rather than fixed outcomes. Consequently, contemporary research focuses on how societies adapt, modify, and perceive their environments, rather than assuming a unidirectional causal link.
❓ ¿Cuál es el punto principal que el autor plantea sobre el cambio del determinismo ambiental al posibilismo?
A. A. Muestra que la tecnología ha superado por completo las limitaciones ambientales.
B. B. Demuestra que el entorno ya no influye en las sociedades humanas.
C. C. Enfatiza la adaptabilidad humana y la naturaleza no fija de los impactos ambientales.
D. D. Demuestra que las ideologías coloniales estaban científicamente justificadas.
✅ 正确答案
C. It emphasizes human adaptability and the non-fixed nature of environmental impacts.
IELTS Reading Tips
Skim the questions first, underline keywords, then locate in the passage
Watch for paraphrasing; correct answers are often reworded
Be wary of absolute statements (all, always, never) — usually wrong
Pay attention to content after transition words (however, but, yet)
Manage time: about 20 minutes per passage; skip difficult questions first