The concept of 'cognitive load' refers to the total amount of mental effort being used in the working memory. In educational psychology, cognitive load theory (CLT) suggests that learning is most effective when instructional materials are designed to minimize extraneous cognitive load, thereby freeing resources for intrinsic load and germane load. Intrinsic load is inherent to the complexity of the material itself, while germane load is the effort devoted to constructing and automating schemas. Recent studies have shown that multimedia presentations can either enhance or hinder learning, depending on how they manage these different types of load. For instance, redundant on-screen text accompanying spoken narration often increases extraneous load, leading to poorer retention. Conversely, well-integrated visuals and audio can reduce split-attention effects, promoting deeper understanding. Thus, educators must carefully balance the presentation of information to optimize cognitive processing.
❓ According to the passage, what is the primary reason why redundant on-screen text with spoken narration can impair learning?
A. It increases intrinsic load by making the content more complex.
B. It reduces germane load by providing too much repetition.
C. It raises extraneous load, which consumes limited working memory resources.
D. It prevents the formation of schemas by confusing the learner.
✅ 正确答案
It raises extraneous load, which consumes limited working memory resources.
IELTS Reading Tips
Skim the questions first, underline keywords, then locate in the passage
Watch for paraphrasing; correct answers are often reworded
Be wary of absolute statements (all, always, never) — usually wrong
Pay attention to content after transition words (however, but, yet)
Manage time: about 20 minutes per passage; skip difficult questions first