The concept of 'environmental determinism,' which posits that human activity is largely shaped by climatic and geographical conditions, dominated geographic thought in the early twentieth century. However, this theory faced substantial criticism for oversimplifying the complex interplay between culture and environment. Critics argued that it ignored human agency and technological innovation, which allow societies to adapt to and even modify their natural surroundings. In response, the mid-twentieth century saw the rise of 'possibilism,' a more nuanced perspective that acknowledges environmental constraints but emphasizes human choice and cultural diversity. Possibilism suggests that while the environment sets certain limits, it does not dictate a single path of development. This shift reflected a broader academic trend toward interdisciplinary approaches, integrating insights from sociology and anthropology to better understand human-environment relationships.
❓ According to the passage, what is the main difference between environmental determinism and possibilism?
A. A. Environmental determinism emphasizes human agency, while possibilism emphasizes environmental constraints.
B. B. Environmental determinism argues that the environment dictates human activity, while possibilism allows for human choice within environmental limits.
C. C. Possibilism rejects the influence of the environment, while environmental determinism accepts it fully.
D. D. Possibilism focuses on technological innovation, while environmental determinism focuses on cultural diversity.
✅ 正确答案
B. Environmental determinism argues that the environment dictates human activity, while possibilism allows for human choice within environmental limits.
IELTS Reading Tips
Skim the questions first, underline keywords, then locate in the passage
Watch for paraphrasing; correct answers are often reworded
Be wary of absolute statements (all, always, never) — usually wrong
Pay attention to content after transition words (however, but, yet)
Manage time: about 20 minutes per passage; skip difficult questions first