The concept of 'environmental determinism', which posits that human behavior and societal development are largely shaped by climatic and geographical conditions, has been largely discredited in modern geography. Critics argue that it oversimplifies the complex interplay between culture, technology, and environment. However, a nuanced perspective, known as 'possibilism', acknowledges that while the environment sets certain constraints, it does not dictate human choices. For instance, societies in similar climates have developed vastly different political systems and economic practices, demonstrating that human agency and historical contingencies play pivotal roles. This debate highlights the ongoing tension between structural factors and human volition in understanding societal outcomes.
❓ この文章における環境決定論に関する主な論点は何ですか？
A. これは現代の地理学的証拠によって完全に裏付けられている。
B. 単純化しすぎているとして退けられるが、修正された見解は人間の主体性を否定せずに環境的制約を認識する。
C. これは、気候が政治体制を完全に決定することを示唆している。
D. それは、環境要因を完全に無視するポッシビリズムに取って代わられた。
✅ 正确答案
It is rejected due to its oversimplification, but a modified view recognizes environmental constraints without denying human agency.
IELTS Reading Tips
Skim the questions first, underline keywords, then locate in the passage
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