The concept of 'environmental determinism' has long been debated in geographical studies. Early proponents argued that human societal development was largely shaped by climatic and geographical conditions, suggesting that temperate regions fostered advanced civilizations while tropical climates hindered progress. However, this perspective was heavily criticized for its ethnocentric bias and oversimplification of complex human-environment interactions. Modern scholars advocate for 'possibilism', which posits that while the environment sets certain constraints, human agency and technological innovation can overcome many natural limitations. This shift reflects a broader trend in academia towards recognizing the dynamic and reciprocal relationship between nature and culture, where neither factor solely dictates outcomes but rather co-evolves in a complex adaptive system.
❓ Theo đoạn văn, chỉ trích chính đối với thuyết quyết định môi trường ban đầu là gì?
A. Nó hoàn toàn bỏ qua những tiến bộ công nghệ.
B. Nó quá đơn giản và thiên vị về mặt văn hóa.
C. Nó chỉ tập trung vào khí hậu nhiệt đới.
D. Nó phủ nhận mọi ảnh hưởng của địa lý đối với xã hội.
✅ 正确答案
It was too simplistic and culturally biased.
IELTS Reading Tips
Skim the questions first, underline keywords, then locate in the passage
Watch for paraphrasing; correct answers are often reworded
Be wary of absolute statements (all, always, never) — usually wrong
Pay attention to content after transition words (however, but, yet)
Manage time: about 20 minutes per passage; skip difficult questions first