The concept of 'environmental determinism' has long been debated in geographical studies. Early proponents argued that human societal development was largely shaped by climatic and geographical conditions, suggesting that temperate regions fostered advanced civilizations while tropical climates hindered progress. However, this perspective was heavily criticized for its ethnocentric bias and oversimplification of complex human-environment interactions. Modern scholars advocate for 'possibilism', which posits that while the environment sets certain constraints, human agency and technological innovation can overcome many natural limitations. This shift reflects a broader trend in academia towards recognizing the dynamic and reciprocal relationship between nature and culture, where neither factor solely dictates outcomes but rather co-evolves in a complex adaptive system.
❓ 본문에 따르면, 초기 환경결정론에 대한 주요 비판은 무엇인가?
A. 기술 발전을 완전히 무시했다.
B. 너무 단순하고 문화적으로 편향되어 있었다.
C. 그것은 열대 기후에만 초점을 맞추었다.
D. 그것은 지리학이 사회에 미치는 어떠한 영향도 부인했다.
✅ 正确答案
It was too simplistic and culturally biased.
IELTS Reading Tips
Skim the questions first, underline keywords, then locate in the passage
Watch for paraphrasing; correct answers are often reworded
Be wary of absolute statements (all, always, never) — usually wrong
Pay attention to content after transition words (however, but, yet)
Manage time: about 20 minutes per passage; skip difficult questions first