The concept of 'environmental determinism' has long been debated in geography. While early theorists argued that climate and terrain directly shape human behavior and societal development, modern scholars contend that this perspective oversimplifies the complex interplay between nature and culture. Recent studies suggest that technological innovation and cultural adaptation can significantly mitigate environmental constraints, allowing societies to thrive in seemingly inhospitable regions. However, critics of this counterargument point out that such adaptive capacity is unevenly distributed, often favoring wealthy nations with resources to invest in infrastructure and research. Thus, the relationship between environment and human society remains a dynamic and contested field, where both natural forces and human agency must be considered in tandem.
❓ ¿Cuál es el punto principal que el autor plantea sobre el determinismo ambiental en el pasaje?
A. Es una teoría universalmente aceptada en la geografía moderna.
B. Ha sido reemplazado por un enfoque únicamente en la innovación tecnológica.
C. Sigue siendo relevante, pero debe equilibrarse con la consideración de la adaptación humana y la desigualdad.
D. Explica correctamente por qué las naciones ricas están más avanzadas que las pobres.
✅ 正确答案
It is still relevant but should be balanced with consideration of human adaptation and inequality.
IELTS Reading Tips
Skim the questions first, underline keywords, then locate in the passage
Watch for paraphrasing; correct answers are often reworded
Be wary of absolute statements (all, always, never) — usually wrong
Pay attention to content after transition words (however, but, yet)
Manage time: about 20 minutes per passage; skip difficult questions first