The concept of 'environmental determinism' has long been debated in geography. While early theorists argued that climate and terrain directly shape human behavior and societal development, modern scholars contend that this perspective oversimplifies the complex interplay between nature and culture. Recent studies suggest that technological innovation and cultural adaptation can significantly mitigate environmental constraints, allowing societies to thrive in seemingly inhospitable regions. However, critics of this counterargument point out that such adaptive capacity is unevenly distributed, often favoring wealthy nations with resources to invest in infrastructure and research. Thus, the relationship between environment and human society remains a dynamic and contested field, where both natural forces and human agency must be considered in tandem.
❓ What is the main point the author makes about environmental determinism in the passage?
A. It is a universally accepted theory in modern geography.
B. It has been replaced by a focus on technological innovation alone.
C. It is still relevant but should be balanced with consideration of human adaptation and inequality.
D. It correctly explains why wealthy nations are more advanced than poorer ones.
✅ 正确答案
It is still relevant but should be balanced with consideration of human adaptation and inequality.
IELTS Reading Tips
Skim the questions first, underline keywords, then locate in the passage
Watch for paraphrasing; correct answers are often reworded
Be wary of absolute statements (all, always, never) — usually wrong
Pay attention to content after transition words (however, but, yet)
Manage time: about 20 minutes per passage; skip difficult questions first