The concept of 'environmental determinism', which posits that human behavior and societal development are largely shaped by climatic and geographical conditions, dominated geographic thought in the early 20th century. However, this theory was increasingly criticized for its oversimplification of complex cultural phenomena and its implicit justification of colonial hierarchies. By the mid-century, it was largely replaced by 'possibilism', which argued that the environment offers a set of possibilities from which humans, guided by their cultural and technological capacities, make choices. This shift reflected a broader academic trend toward acknowledging human agency and the role of social factors in shaping history, yet recent studies suggest that environmental constraints, particularly in the context of climate change, are re-emerging as critical variables in understanding societal resilience, though not in a deterministic manner.
❓ 지문에 따르면, 환경 결정론과 가능주의의 주요 차이점은 무엇인가?
A. A. 결정론은 인간의 능동성을 강조하는 반면, 가능론은 환경적 제약을 강조한다.
B. B. 결정론은 환경을 사회의 주요 형성 요인으로 보는 반면, 가능론은 환경이 인간의 통제 범위 내에서 선택지를 제공한다고 본다.
C. C. 가능론은 식민지 위계를 정당화하기 위해 발전된 반면, 결정론은 그렇지 않았다.
D. D. 가능론은 기후 변화를 무시하는 반면, 결정론은 이를 포함한다.
✅ 正确答案
B. Determinism views the environment as the primary shaper of society, while possibilism sees the environment as providing options within human control.
IELTS Reading Tips
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