The concept of 'environmental determinism', which posits that human behavior and societal development are largely shaped by climatic and geographical conditions, dominated geographic thought in the early 20th century. However, this theory was increasingly criticized for its oversimplification of complex cultural phenomena and its implicit justification of colonial hierarchies. By the mid-century, it was largely replaced by 'possibilism', which argued that the environment offers a set of possibilities from which humans, guided by their cultural and technological capacities, make choices. This shift reflected a broader academic trend toward acknowledging human agency and the role of social factors in shaping history, yet recent studies suggest that environmental constraints, particularly in the context of climate change, are re-emerging as critical variables in understanding societal resilience, though not in a deterministic manner.
❓ 根据文章所述，环境决定论与可能论之间的主要区别是什么？
A. A. 决定论强调人的主观能动性，而可能论则强调环境的制约作用。
B. B. 决定论视环境为社会的主要塑造者，而可能论则认为环境提供了人类可控范围内的选择。
C. C. 可能论被发展出来用以证明殖民等级制度的合理性，而决定论则并非如此。
D. D. 可能论忽视了气候变化，而决定论则将其纳入考量。
✅ 正确答案
B. Determinism views the environment as the primary shaper of society, while possibilism sees the environment as providing options within human control.