The concept of 'environmental determinism' posits that the physical environment, rather than social conditions, is the primary force shaping human culture and societal development. This theory, popular in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, argued that climate and geography directly influenced the temperament and technological advancement of a population. However, modern geographers largely reject this deterministic view, noting that human innovation and cultural exchange often overcome environmental constraints. Instead, they advocate for 'possibilism', which suggests that the environment offers a set of possibilities, but human choices and cultural values ultimately determine outcomes. This shift reflects a broader academic trend towards recognizing human agency over passive environmental influence.
❓ 本文によると、現代の地理学者による環境決定論への主な批判は何か。
A. それは、気候が社会を形成する役割を無視している。
B. それは、環境が人間の文化に与える影響を過度に強調している。
C. それは古代における技術的進歩を考慮に入れていない。
D. それは、人間の選択が社会の発展とは無関係であることを示唆している。
✅ 正确答案
It overemphasizes the influence of the environment on human culture.
IELTS Reading Tips
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