The concept of 'environmental determinism' posits that the physical environment, rather than social conditions, is the primary force shaping human culture and societal development. This theory, popular in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, argued that climate and geography directly influenced the temperament and technological advancement of a population. However, modern geographers largely reject this deterministic view, noting that human innovation and cultural exchange often overcome environmental constraints. Instead, they advocate for 'possibilism', which suggests that the environment offers a set of possibilities, but human choices and cultural values ultimately determine outcomes. This shift reflects a broader academic trend towards recognizing human agency over passive environmental influence.
❓ According to the passage, what is the main criticism of environmental determinism by modern geographers?
A. It ignores the role of climate in shaping societies.
B. It overemphasizes the influence of the environment on human culture.
C. It fails to account for technological advancements in ancient times.
D. It suggests that human choices are irrelevant to societal development.
✅ 正确答案
It overemphasizes the influence of the environment on human culture.
IELTS Reading Tips
Skim the questions first, underline keywords, then locate in the passage
Watch for paraphrasing; correct answers are often reworded
Be wary of absolute statements (all, always, never) — usually wrong
Pay attention to content after transition words (however, but, yet)
Manage time: about 20 minutes per passage; skip difficult questions first