The concept of 'cognitive load' refers to the total amount of mental effort being used in the working memory. In educational psychology, cognitive load theory suggests that learning is most effective when instructional materials are designed to minimize extraneous cognitive load, thereby freeing resources for schema construction. However, recent research has challenged the assumption that reducing cognitive load always enhances learning. For instance, a study by Kalyuga (2011) found that for advanced learners, presenting information in a simplified format can lead to a 'expertise reversal effect', where redundant guidance actually impairs performance. This indicates that the optimal level of cognitive load depends on the learner's prior knowledge. Consequently, instructional designers must adapt materials to the learner's level, rather than applying a one-size-fits-all approach.
❓ 패시지에서 언급된 Kalyuga 연구의 주요 발견은 무엇인가?
A. A) 인지 부하를 줄이는 것은 항상 학습 성과를 향상시킨다.
B. B) 단순화된 형식은 고급 학습자의 성과를 저해할 수 있다.
C. C) 인지 부하 이론은 구식이며 더 이상 적용되지 않는다.
D. D) 효과적인 학습을 위해서는 외재적 인지 부하가 최대화되어야 한다.
✅ 正确答案
B) Simplified formats may hinder performance for advanced learners.
IELTS Reading Tips
Skim the questions first, underline keywords, then locate in the passage
Watch for paraphrasing; correct answers are often reworded
Be wary of absolute statements (all, always, never) — usually wrong
Pay attention to content after transition words (however, but, yet)
Manage time: about 20 minutes per passage; skip difficult questions first