The concept of 'cognitive load' refers to the total amount of mental effort being used in the working memory. In educational psychology, cognitive load theory suggests that learning is most effective when instructional materials are designed to minimize extraneous cognitive load, thereby freeing resources for schema construction. However, recent research has challenged the assumption that reducing cognitive load always enhances learning. For instance, a study by Kalyuga (2011) found that for advanced learners, presenting information in a simplified format can lead to a 'expertise reversal effect', where redundant guidance actually impairs performance. This indicates that the optimal level of cognitive load depends on the learner's prior knowledge. Consequently, instructional designers must adapt materials to the learner's level, rather than applying a one-size-fits-all approach.
❓ ¿Cuál es el hallazgo principal del estudio de Kalyuga mencionado en el pasaje?
A. A) Reducir la carga cognitiva siempre mejora los resultados de aprendizaje.
B. B) Los formatos simplificados pueden dificultar el rendimiento de los estudiantes avanzados.
C. C) La teoría de la carga cognitiva está desactualizada y ya no es aplicable.
D. D) La carga cognitiva extrínseca debería maximizarse para un aprendizaje efectivo.
✅ 正确答案
B) Simplified formats may hinder performance for advanced learners.
IELTS Reading Tips
Skim the questions first, underline keywords, then locate in the passage
Watch for paraphrasing; correct answers are often reworded
Be wary of absolute statements (all, always, never) — usually wrong
Pay attention to content after transition words (however, but, yet)
Manage time: about 20 minutes per passage; skip difficult questions first