The concept of 'environmental determinism' has long been debated in geography. Early proponents argued that human behavior and societal development were largely shaped by climatic and geographical conditions. However, this view was criticized for oversimplifying complex cultural interactions and for justifying colonialism. Modern scholarship, such as that by Jared Diamond, acknowledges environmental influences but emphasizes that they are mediated by technological innovation, historical contingencies, and human agency. For instance, while fertile river valleys may encourage agriculture, the actual trajectory of a civilization depends on factors like trade networks, political institutions, and external contacts. Thus, contemporary geographers reject strict determinism, favoring a nuanced model where environment offers constraints and opportunities, but does not dictate outcomes.
❓ Según el pasaje, ¿cuál es el cambio principal en el pensamiento geográfico moderno respecto al medio ambiente y la sociedad?
A. A. Los académicos modernos ignoran por completo los factores ambientales en el desarrollo humano.
B. B. Los académicos modernos creen que el entorno determina directamente los resultados sociales sin excepción.
C. C. Los académicos modernos consideran el entorno como uno de varios factores interactuantes, no como un determinante único.
D. D. Los académicos modernos sostienen que la tecnología ha hecho irrelevantes las influencias ambientales.
✅ 正确答案
C. Modern scholars view environment as one of several interacting factors, not a sole determinant.
IELTS Reading Tips
Skim the questions first, underline keywords, then locate in the passage
Watch for paraphrasing; correct answers are often reworded
Be wary of absolute statements (all, always, never) — usually wrong
Pay attention to content after transition words (however, but, yet)
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