The concept of 'environmental determinism' has long been debated in geography. Early proponents argued that human behavior and societal development were largely shaped by climatic and geographical conditions. However, this view was criticized for oversimplifying complex cultural interactions and for justifying colonialism. Modern scholarship, such as that by Jared Diamond, acknowledges environmental influences but emphasizes that they are mediated by technological innovation, historical contingencies, and human agency. For instance, while fertile river valleys may encourage agriculture, the actual trajectory of a civilization depends on factors like trade networks, political institutions, and external contacts. Thus, contemporary geographers reject strict determinism, favoring a nuanced model where environment offers constraints and opportunities, but does not dictate outcomes.
❓ According to the passage, what is the main shift in modern geographical thought regarding environment and society?
A. A. Modern scholars completely ignore environmental factors in human development.
B. B. Modern scholars believe environment directly determines societal outcomes without exception.
C. C. Modern scholars view environment as one of several interacting factors, not a sole determinant.
D. D. Modern scholars argue that technology has made environmental influences irrelevant.
✅ 正确答案
C. Modern scholars view environment as one of several interacting factors, not a sole determinant.
IELTS Reading Tips
Skim the questions first, underline keywords, then locate in the passage
Watch for paraphrasing; correct answers are often reworded
Be wary of absolute statements (all, always, never) — usually wrong
Pay attention to content after transition words (however, but, yet)
Manage time: about 20 minutes per passage; skip difficult questions first