雅思阅读

📖 Reading Passage

The concept of 'planned obsolescence' has long been a cornerstone of consumer electronics manufacturing, yet its environmental implications are increasingly under scrutiny. Originally designed to stimulate economic growth by encouraging frequent product replacement, this strategy often results in devices that are difficult to repair or upgrade. Recent studies indicate that the average lifespan of a smartphone is merely two to three years, leading to millions of tons of electronic waste annually. In response, some manufacturers have begun adopting modular designs, allowing consumers to replace individual components rather than the entire device. However, critics argue that such initiatives are insufficient without legislative mandates, such as 'right-to-repair' laws, which compel companies to provide spare parts and repair manuals for a minimum period. The tension between commercial interests and environmental sustainability remains a central challenge, prompting a re-evaluation of production models in the 21st century.