The concept of 'cognitive load' refers to the total amount of mental effort being used in the working memory. In educational psychology, cognitive load theory suggests that learning is most effective when instructional materials are designed to reduce extraneous cognitive load, allowing learners to focus on intrinsic load related to the core subject matter. For instance, presenting complex diagrams alongside redundant text can overwhelm students, hindering comprehension. Conversely, integrating visual and verbal information in a coherent manner can facilitate schema construction, enabling deeper processing. Recent studies have also highlighted the role of prior knowledge: experts can handle higher intrinsic load due to automated schemas, while novices benefit from simplified formats. Thus, effective instructional design must adapt to the learner's level of expertise, balancing challenge and clarity to optimize learning outcomes.
❓ Согласно тексту, что является ключевым фактором в эффективном проектировании обучения?
A. A. Увеличение внешней когнитивной нагрузки для создания вызова обучающимся
B. B. Адаптация сложности материала к предварительным знаниям обучающегося
C. C. Предоставление дублирующего текста для всех типов учащихся
D. D. Сосредоточение только на внутренней нагрузке без учёта дизайна
✅ 正确答案
B. Adapting material complexity to the learner's prior knowledge
IELTS Reading Tips
Skim the questions first, underline keywords, then locate in the passage
Watch for paraphrasing; correct answers are often reworded
Be wary of absolute statements (all, always, never) — usually wrong
Pay attention to content after transition words (however, but, yet)
Manage time: about 20 minutes per passage; skip difficult questions first