The concept of 'environmental determinism' has long been debated in geographical studies. Early proponents argued that human behavior and societal development were largely shaped by climatic conditions and physical geography. However, this perspective was criticized for oversimplifying complex cultural interactions and for justifying colonial expansion. Modern geography rejects such linear causality, emphasizing instead the nuanced ways in which societies adapt to and modify their environments. Recent research highlights that technological innovation and social organization can significantly mitigate environmental constraints, while also acknowledging that environmental factors remain influential in shaping vulnerabilities, particularly in regions with limited resources. This shift reflects a broader move towards interdisciplinary approaches that integrate ecological, economic, and political analyses.
❓ Theo đoạn văn, chỉ trích chính đối với thuyết quyết định môi trường ban đầu là gì?
A. A. Nó đã bỏ qua vai trò của khí hậu trong các xã hội loài người.
B. B. Nó đã đơn giản hóa quá mức các tương tác văn hóa và ủng hộ chủ nghĩa thực dân.
C. C. Nó đặt quá nhiều sự nhấn mạnh vào đổi mới công nghệ.
D. D. Nó đã không xem xét chi tiết các biến thể địa lý.
✅ 正确答案
B. It overly simplified cultural interactions and supported colonialism.
IELTS Reading Tips
Skim the questions first, underline keywords, then locate in the passage
Watch for paraphrasing; correct answers are often reworded
Be wary of absolute statements (all, always, never) — usually wrong
Pay attention to content after transition words (however, but, yet)
Manage time: about 20 minutes per passage; skip difficult questions first